Dental treatment anxiety is a common fear among children. The dental health care provider is faced with difficult dilemmas about ensuring good oral health for these children in general daily practice. The indicated treatment usually exceeds the capacity of the frightened child, but when treatment is not performed, the child is at risk of serious general health problems and its quality of life could diminish. This article provides an overview of the aetiology of dental treatment anxiety in children. In addition, the dental practitioner is provided with insight into the possibilities that allow him/her to enhance the treatability of the child and reduce anxiety to such an extent that the indicated dental care can be provided. Psychotherapy and cognitive-behavioural techniques, as well as pharmacological therapies, are currently considered the most acceptable and successful treatments for anxiety and phobia. The dental care provider will have to determine a well-motivated and carefully considered course of treatment, always keeping in mind the individual context of the child.